There is no predefined shortcut for that, but you can make an action to do it for you really easily.
- Select your active layer (the one you want to show)
- Window => Actions
- Click on 'New Action', select the shortcut you want (I chose Shift+F1).
- You now see a recoding dot (red). Alt+Click on the eye of your layer.
- Click on the 'Stop' icon to stop recording your action (just beside the red dot in the actions window).
Now you should be able to select any layer and press your shortcut (Shift+F1 for me) to hide all other layers.
Actions panel in PS CS6