The point of Two Factor Authentication (2FA) as implemented in this case is that you have two factors: something you know (the password) and something you have (the phone). You can't leave out the second factor.
You could, however, create another something you have, such as a device with any TOTP app. Ramhound suggested WinAuth in the comments, but I haven't used it and I can't vouch that it's secure. Remember that it must be something that only you have.
Anyway, the proper usage of 2FA would be to bring the something you have with you.