Beziehung zwischen Controllern, Schnittstellen, Karten, Chipsätzen, Bussen

A controller is just as it sounds. A circuit(s) that control a process. USB Controllers are responsible for controlling USB ports, for example.

Interfaces are places where components area connected. A SATA connection could be called an interface. NIC stands for Network Interface Card.

I don't know what you mean my "adapt cards" maybe you mean daughter boards or Adaptec cards? Adaptec is a manufacturer of computer components and a daughter board or riser board are used in servers and some odd form factor desktops to make interfaces available in non-natural locations given the layout of the motherboard.

A bus connects controllers to each other and to the CPU and to interfaces. Data travels on the busses from one place to another. This is how data gets from the hard drives to the RAM to the CPU to the video card, etc.

A chipset is a combination of controllers on the same piece of silicon. There are, traditionally, northbridge chipsets which handle high-speed connections like RAM, CPU and video and a southbridge chipset which handles slower operations like disk I/O, USB, PCI, etc. This is changing in modern designs however and some designs have a direct bus between the CPU and RAM and other major controllers are all being made on a single piece of silicon.

So for an example of how it all works together: When you plug a device like a USB drive into a USB interface, the USB controller that is probably located on the southbridge chipset interacts with the device over the bus. Any data that is needed is sent to the CPU for processing and if anything needs to be displayed on the screen as a result, the CPU will send data to the northbridge chipset which will be delivered to the video card for display to the monitor, which is probably connected to the computer by a VGA, DVI, HDMI, or Displayport interface.

If you read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset and follow links for the subcomponents I think that covers all your points except http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller_%28computing%29. Not sure what you mean by adapt cards... adaptors? wireless adaptors? Sorry...

I mostly concur with MarkM's answer though i do want to explain a little bit more:

Controllers

Controllers are usually integrated circuits that provide a specific function on the motherboard. for example, SATA (Serial ATA) controller provides connectivity to hard disk from the motherboard; USB controller provides connectivity to USB devices from the motherboard.

Interfaces

Interfaces are standards by which devices connect together. e.g. the harddisk connects to the harddisk controller via the SATA interface; and the SATA (harddrive) controller connects to the motherboard via "PCI-E" interfaces

Adapters

Adapters has several meanings in a hardware context:

1. Power adapters (another name for AC-DC transformers).
2. Plug-change adaptors (e.g. change from DVI to VGA plug)
3. Another name for plug-in cards e.g. ISA, PCI and PCI-E adapter cards, "VGA adapters", etc.

Chipsets

A combination of north and south bridges.

Buses

An interface for transfer of data inside computer. Examples are ISA, MCA, PCI, VL-BUS, AGP, PCI-X and PCI-E buses.

North/south bridges

Traditionally the northbridge is concerned with connecting the high speed devices e.g. RAM and graphics card. The southbridge handles the rest (e.g. hard disk, USB, printers, etc.) This distinction is changing, though, as sometimes the PCI-E controller and memory controller is moved to the CPU (note: i7-8xx series CPU).