What are the dimensions for the standoffs and screws used for mounting an ATX motherboard to the computer casing?
It depends.
According to the ATX 2.1 standard:
The standoff provided has to be a minimum of 6.5mm and the external cross section has to fit within a 10mm x 10mm area around the standoff hole.
The mounting screws must (obviously) match the standoff screw wells (usually 6/32 or M3 thread size).
the length can be whatever you want as long as the components will fit in your case. A longer standoff allows cables to be run under the motherboard and may also improve airflow.
According to the ATX 2.1 standard, the standoff provided has to be a minimum of 6.5mm and the external cross section has to fit within a 10mm x 10mm area around the standoff hole.
There's a lot of variation (as you've discovered) to how various manufacturers meet those specs, but as long as the mounting screws match the standoff screw wells (usually 6/32 or M3 thread size) it doesn't really matter what the external width is as long as it's within the 10mm x 10mm max size requirement.
Source Motherboard standoff dimensions
From experience over many years, they are all standard threads and size, but not length, that varies by case manufacturer.
Generally a computer case will come with 9 standoffs to meet ATX standards, unless the case is smaller. The majority of ATX motherboards will use 6, smaller boards even less. More expensive 'wider' ATX boards will use all 9, which is nice when they are right next to the main I/O for the disk drives.
There are many cases available that use zero or only some standoffs and use threaded and stamped raised sheet metal for the stand offs.
Source Motherboard Standoffs Sizes
You can buy a standoff anywhere between 4mm to 10mm in length as far as I know. I have standoffs measuring 4mm, 6mm, 7mm and 8mm.
Personally I like a larger standoff to allow cable routing behind the motherboard. Thin cables obviously. It also allows a better airflow behind the motherboard in my opinion.