Xargs-Konstrukt kann nicht funktionieren

The man page for xargs says:

-I replace-str

 Replace occurrences of replace-str in the initial-arguments with names read from standard input. Also, unquoted blanks do not terminate input items; instead the separator is the newline character. Implies -x and -L 1. 

In other words, you're ending up with a single argument called "20170105170516234.pdf 20170105173126944.pdf 20170105173209758.pdf 20170621163418079.pdf"

I suggest ditching xargs altogether and re-ordering your command something like this:

pdftk $(exiftool -p exifprintformat -if '$Subject =~/DATA/i' -q *.pdf |grep pdf |sed 's/ //g'| tr '\n' ' ') cat output binder1.pdf 

This all assumes you don't have spaces in your filenames (safe assumption since you were removing all spaces with sed anyway).

There are several things wrong, and unnecessary complexity:-

1. The double xargs call means that the second sees a single line of input, so {} is substituted just once with a single string comprising all the matching file names, but echo does not show this difference in the output (compare echo a b with echo "a b").
2. The -0 argument means that xargs needs a null ('\0') character between input arguments, and there are none; this also forces the input to be treated as a single parameter.
3. By outputting only the file name when the condition matches, you get one file name per line, which can be piped directly to xargs without the need for grep or sed.
4. Unfortunately, xargs -I forces one command per line of input, and there is no option to add trailing parameters, but there is a simple work-round: add the trailing parameters to the input stream.

This is a simplified command with the trailing parameters added (I tested with a different -if condition, not having any PDFs which match):-

{ exiftool -p '$' -if '$Subject =~/DATA/i' -q *.pdf; \ echo -e "cat\noutput\nbinder1.pdf"; } | xargs -d'\n' pdftk 

The xargs -d'\n' option makes the command work when the file names have embedded blanks.